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Epileptic Disorders

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Brain connectivity changes during ictal coughing Volume 21, issue 4, August 2019

Figure 1

(A) SEEG implantation showing the electrodes on a 3D MRI mesh of the cortex (right side). Intracerebral electrodes are implanted under stereotactic conditions in Talairach's reference frame. Electrodes are identified by letter (A, etc.) and the electrode contacts are numbered from 1 to 15; low numbers corresponding to the deepest structures (for example, leads A1-2 recorded the electrical activity of the amygdala). A: Amygdala (medial contacts), and anterior part of middle temporal gyrus (MTG, lateral contacts); B, C: anterior, posterior hippocampus (medial contacts), medial, posterior part of MTG (lateral contacts); T: insula (medial contacts) and anterior part of superior temporal gyrus (STG, lateral contacts); TP: temporal pole; OF: caudate nucleus (internal contacts 1-2; operculo insular cortex); GC: cingulum (medial contacts), inferior parietal gyrus (lateral contacts); P: superior parietal cortex. (B) SEEG recorded seizure with selection of some bipolar traces. Bipolar signals were obtained by subtracting the signals recorded from two adjacent leads: 1: seizure onset marked by a rapid discharge affecting the mesial temporal region; 2: coughing onset. Note the appearance of a discharge in some other contacts (OF1-2: caudate nucleus; T1-2: insular region).

Figure 2

Connectivity analysis. (A) Changes in connectivity during seizure onset and during coughing; mean values over periods of 10 seconds are compared. Significant changes of connectivity are illustrated on a 3D mesh of the MRI with the position of electrodes. Only the significant changes are indicated for the seizure onset relative to the background period and for the coughing period relative to the onset. Colour scale indicates the p values of the Z-scores. (B) For each bipolar channel, the degrees are indicated between the different conditions (onset versus background and coughing versus onset) *indicates significant interactions (*p<0.05, **p<0.01 following Bonferroni correction).