Illustrations
Tableaux
Author (year) Province Sampling method Data collection Stage of CKD Participants Age(m) Male Female Risk of bias Afshar, et al. (2007) [24] Tehran Census Prospective ESRD 1200 51.6 732 468 Low Afshar, et al. (2010) [25] Tehran Purposive Prospective CKD 100 55 45 Low Ala, et al. (2015) [26] Mazandaran Census Prospective ESRD 210 60.4 116 94 Low Ashourpour (2012) [27] Tehran Census Prospective ESRD 114 54.2 73 41 Low Biniaz, et al. (2013) [28] Tehran Census Prospective ESRD 163 61.39 100 63 Low Einollahi, et al. (2015) [29] National Purposive Prospective ESRD 6878 54.4 3920 2958 Low Fadaii (2013) [30] Tehran Purposive Prospective ESRD 102 59 54 48 Low Ghorbani, et al. (2015) [31] Bushehr Census Retrospective ESRD 93 55.07 49 44 Moderate Hadian B, et al. (2015) [32] Lorestan Census Prospective ESRD 318 53.2 182 136 Low Khatami, et al. (2013) [33] Tehran Consecutive Prospective ESRD 103 57.4 66 34 Low Khazaei, et al. (2017) [34] Hamadan Census Retrospective ESRD 1142 55.52 617 717 Low Khazaei, et al. (2014) [35] Hamadan Census Retrospective ESRD 165 58.8 63 72 Low Malekmakan, et al. (2009) [36] Fars Census Prospective CKD 633 54.1 371 262 Low Malekmakan, et al. (2015) [37] Fars Consecutive Prospective CKD 241 53.9 128 44 Moderate Masoumi, et al. (2013) [38] Isfahan Consecutive Prospective ESRD 90 54.2 53 37 Low Mogharab, et al. (2006) [39] South Khorasan Census Prospective CKD 50 47.07 34 16 Low Monfared, et al. (2003) [40] Gilan Census Prospective CKD 414 48.91 213 201 Low Monfared, et al. (2009) [41] Gilan Census Retrospective ESRD 753 56.3 435 324 Low Nafar, et al. (2017) [42] National Cluster Prospective CKD 7009 57.2 4093 2916 Low Pourfarziani (2010) [43] Tehran Consecutive Prospective ESRD 39 41 28 11 Low Raiesifar, et al. (2010) [44] Khuzestan Consecutive Prospective ESRD 59 51.48 30 29 Low Rajaeefard, et al. (2016) [45] Fars Consecutive Prospective ESRD 290 47.62 135 155 Low Shabankhani (2016) [46] Mazandaran Census Retrospective ESRD 500 48.37 268 232 Low Shahidi (2015) [47] Isfahan Census Prospective ESRD 536 58 340 196 Low Shojamoradi (2014) [48] Tehran Simple random Prospective CKD 502 61.45 291 211 Low Talebi, et al. (2015) [49] National Census Retrospective ESRD 12979 58.8 5654 7325 Low
Table 1 Summary of included studies.
Table 1
First author (year) Hypertension and/or diabetes Glomerulonephritis Congenital causes Urological causes Unknown ES 95% CI for ES W ES 95% CI for ES W ES 95% CI for ES W ES 95% CI for ES W ES 95% CI for ES W ESRD Afshar (2010) 77.0 67.8, 84.2 3.7 17.0 10.2, 25.8 2.4 5.0 2.2, 11.2 3.5 Ala (2015) 80.5 74.6, 85.3 4.0 Ashourpour (2012) 52.6 43.5, 61.6 3.6 6.1 2.5, 12.2 4.5 5.3 2.4, 11.0 3.7 2.6 0.9, 7.5 6.4 Biniaz (2013) 78.5 71.6, 84.1 3.9 Einollahi (2015) 55.0 53.8, 56.1 4.2 17.4 16.5, 18.3 5.4 Khatami (2013) 57.3 47.6, 66.4 3.6 8.7 4.1, 15.9 3.6 9.7 5.4, 17.0 2.4 2.9 1.0, 8.2 6.1 21.4 14.5, 30.2 5.1 Malekmakan (2009) 60.5 56.6, 64.2 4.1 7.6 5.6, 9.9 7.4 6.6 4.9, 8.8 6.7 10.9 8.7, 13.6 6.8 14.8 12.3, 17.8 5.4 Monfared (2003) 36.2 31.7, 41.0 4.0 10.9 8.0, 14.3 6.2 6.8 4.7, 9.6 5.9 8.7 6.3, 11.8 6.6 23.4 19.6, 27.7 5.4 Monfared (2009) 47.7 44.1, 51.2 4.1 3.7 2.5, 5.3 8.3 3.1 2.0, 4.5 7.8 7.3 5.7, 9.4 7.3 26.8 23.8, 30.1 5.4 Nafar (2017) 71.4 70.3, 72.4 4.2 7.8 7.2, 8.4 8.9 3.7 3.3, 4.2 8.6 5.2 4.7, 5.8 5.5 Pourfarziani (2010) 48.7 33.9, 63.8 2.9 12.8 4.3, 27.4 1.4 35.9 22.7, 51.6 4.4 Raiesifar (2010) 67.8 55.1, 78.3 3.3 3.4 0.4, 11.7 4.3 10.2 4.7, 20.5 1.5 18.6 10.7, 30.4 1.9 Rajaeefard (2016) 56.2 50.5, 61.8 4.0 5.5 3.4, 8.8 6.6 20.3 16.1, 25.4 5.3 Talebi (2015) 48.0 47.1, 48.9 4.2 4.0 3.7, 4.4 9.0 5.0 4.7, 5.4 8.6 4.0 3.7, 4.3 8.1 39 38.2, 39.8 5.4 Sub-total random pooled ES 59.8 53.1, 66.6 53.9 7.1 5.2, 9.1 56.0 5.0 4.0, 5.9 48.7 6.5 4.3, 8.7 49.8 22.5 11.2, 33.7 47.3 CKD Afshar (2007) 40.3 37.5, 43.1 4.2 6.5 5.2, 8.0 8.2 10.2 8.7, 12.1 7.1 Fadaii (2013) 55.9 46.2, 65.1 3.6 7.8 3.4, 14.9 3.8 8.8 4.7, 15.9 4.1 3.9 1.5, 9.7 5.4 Ghorbani (2015) 72.0 62.2, 80.1 3.6 10.8 5.9, 18.7 2.1 4.3 1.7, 10.5 5.2 12.9 7.5, 21.2 5.2 Hadian (2015) 57.2 51.7, 62.6 4.0 3.8 2.0, 6.5 7.4 2.8 1.5, 5.3 6.9 8.8 6.2, 12.4 6.2 27.4 22.8, 32.5 5.3 Khazaei (2017) 64.7 61.9, 67.4 4.2 10.7 9.0, 12.6 6.9 9.2 7.7, 11.0 7.5 15.9 13.9, 18.2 5.4 Khazaei (2014) 51.5 43.9, 59.0 3.8 4.8 2.1, 9.3 5.8 2.4 0.9, 6.1 6.0 8.5 5.1, 13.7 5.1 32.7 26.0, 40.2 5.2 Malekmakan (2015) 61.4 55.1, 67.3 3.9 8.7 5.8, 13.0 5.8 Masoumi (2013) 66.7 56.4, 75.5 3.6 6.7 2.5, 13.9 3.8 10 5.4, 17.9 5.2 Mogharab (2006) 58.0 44.2, 70.6 3.1 10.0 4.3, 21.4 1.3 12.0 5.6, 23.8 2.2 20 11.2, 33.0 4.8 Shabankhani (2016) 66.0 61.7, 70.0 4.1 7.0 5.1, 9.6 6.2 5.0 3.4, 7.3 7.3 16.4 13.4, 19.9 5.4 Shahidi (2015) 62.9 58.7, 66.9 4.1 3.4 2.0, 5.3 8.1 2.6 1.6, 4.3 7.6 9.7 7.5, 12.5 6.8 14.2 11.5, 17.4 5.4 Shojamoradi (201 56.6 52.2, 60.8 4.1 8.8 6.4, 11.6 6.9 3.8 2.4, 5.8 7.1 30.9 27.0, 35.1 5.4 Sub-total random pooled ES 59.3 52.9, 65.7 46.1 5.7 4.0, 7.4 44.0 6.3 3.7, 8.8 51.3 8.0 6.4, 9.6 50.2 18.3 13.1, 23.4 52.7 Random pooled ES 59.6 54.9, 64.3 100 6.4 5.1, 7.8 100 5.7 4.6, 6.7 100 7.3 5.7, 8.9 100 20.3 13.2, 27.4 100
CI: confidence interval; ES: effect size; W: weight; effect size (95% CI for ES).
Table 2 Causes of chronic kidney disease among general population in Iran.
Table 2
Auteurs
1 IntroductionChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases 2020 study estimated that more than 700 million people have CKD worldwide. The global prevalence of CKD worldwide and in Iran is 9.1% and 15%, respectively [1]. CKD is a significant financial and health burden and was the 10th cause of mortality in 2020, corresponding to 1.2 million deaths in the said year [2].In addition to kidney failure, CKD increases the risk of cardiovascular [...]