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Controversies regarding neonatal seizure recognition Volume 4, numéro 2, June 2002

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2. Scher MS. Seizures in the newborn infant. Diagnosis, treatment and outcome. Clin Perinatol 1997; 24: 735-72.

3. Scher MS, Painter MJ. Controversies concerning neonatal seizures. In: Pellock JM, ed. Seizure Disorders. The Pediatric Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: PA, WB Saunders Co 1989; 36: 281-310.

4. Scher MS. Neonatal encephalopathies as classified by EEG-sleep criteria. Severity and timing based on clinical/pathologic correlations. Pediatr Neurol 1994; 11: 189-200.

5. Clancy RR, Legido A. Postnatal epilepsy after EEG-confirmed neonatal seizures. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 69-76.

6. Scher MS, Aso K, Beggarly ME, et al. Electrographic seizures in preterm and full-term neonates: clinical correlates, associated brain lesions, and risk for neurological sequelae. Pediatrics 1993; 91: 128-34.

7. Glauser TA, Clancy RR. Adequacy of routine EEG examinations in neonates with clinically suspected seizures. J Child Neurol 1992; 7: 215-20.

8. Bye AME, Flanagan D. Spatial and temporal characteristics of neonatal seizures. Epilepsia 1995; 36: 1009-16.

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10. Mizrahi EM, Kellaway P. Diagnosis and management of neonatal seizures. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998: 1-155.

11. Biagioni E, Ferrari F, Boldrini A, et al. Electroclinical correlation in neonatal seizures. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 1998; 2: 117-25.

12. Weiner SP, Painter MJ, Scher MS. Neonatal seizures: electroclinical disassociation. Pediatr Neurol 1991; 7: 363-8.

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14. Scher MS. Electroencephalography of the newborn: normal and abnormal features. In: Niedermeyer E, Da Silva L, eds. Electroencephalography, 4th edition. Baltimore MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1999: 869-946.

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18. Boylan GB, Pressler RM, Rennie JM, et al. Outcome of electroclinical, electrographic, and clinical seizures in the newborn infant. Dev Med Child Neurol 1999; 41: 819-25.

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21. Levy SR, Abroms IF, Marshall PC, et al. Seizures and cerebral infarction in the full-term newborn. Ann Neurol 1985; 17: 366-70.

22. Scher MS, Klesh KW, Murphy TF, et al. Seizures and infarction in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Neurol 1986; 2: 332-9.

23. Holmes G. Diagnosis and management of seizures in childhood. In: Markowitz M, ed. Major Problems in Clinical Pediatrics, XXX. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co., 1987: 237-61.

24. Karayiannis NB, Srinivasan S, Bhattacharya R, et al. Extraction of motion strength and motor activity signals from video recordings of neonatal seizures. IEEE Trans Med Imag 2001; 20: 965-80.

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26. Kellaway P, Hrachovy RA. Status epilepticus in newborns: a perspective on neonatal seizures. In: Delgado-Escueta AV, Wasterlain CG, Treiman DM, Porter RJ, eds. Status epilepticus: mechanisms of brain damage and treatment. New York, NY: Raven Press 1983; 34: 93-9.

27. Sarnat HB. Anatomic and physiologic correlates of neurologic development in prematurity. In: Sarnat HB, ed. Chapter 1. Topics in Neonatal Neurology. Orlando: Grune and Stratton, 1984: 1-25.

28. Scher MS. Pathological myoclonus of the newborn: electrographic and clinical correlations. Pediatr Neurol 1985; 1: 342-8.

29. Scher MS. Stimulus-evoked electrographic patterns in neonates: abnormal form of reactivity. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1997d; 103: 679-91.

30. Coulter DL, Allen RJ. Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus. Arch Neurol 1982; 39: 191-2.

31. Resnick TJ, Moshé SL, Perotta L, et al. Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus: relationship to sleep states. Arch Neurol 1986; 43: 266-8.

32. Clancy RR. The contribution of EEG to the understanding of neonatal seizures. Epilepsia 1996; 37: S52-9.

33. Shuper A, Zalzberg J, Weitz R, et al. Jitteriness beyond the neonatal period: a benign pattern of movement in infancy. J Child Neurol 1991; 6: 243-5.

34. Parker S, Zuckerman B, Bauchner H, et al. Jitteriness in full-term neonates: prevalence and correlates. Pediatrics 1990; 85: 17-23.

35. Hakamada S, Watanabe K, Hara K, et al. Development of motor behavior during sleep in newborn infants. Brain Dev 1981; 3: 345-50.

36. Sexson WR, Thigpen J, Stajich GV. Stereotypic movements after lorazepam administration in premature neonates: a series and review of the literature. J Perinatol 1995; 15: 146-99.

37. Brown P, Rothwell JC, Thompson PD, et al. The hyperekplexias and their relationship to the normal startle reflex. Brain 1991; 114: 1903-28.

38. Andermann F, Andermann E. Startle disorders of man: hyperekplexia, jumping, and startle epilepsy. Brain Dev 1988; 10: 213-22.

39. Barth PJ. Inherited progressive disorders of the fetal brain: a field in need of recognition. In: Fukuyama Y, et al., eds. Fetal and Perinatal Neurology. Basel: Karger 1992: 99-313.

40. Lyon G, Adams RD, Kolodny EH. Neurology of hereditary metabolic diseases of children. Second edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996: 6-44.

41. Oliveira AJ, Nunes ML, da Costa JC. Polysomnography in neonatal seizures. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111: S74-80.

42. Watanabe K, Kuroyanagi M, Hara K, et al. Neonatal seizures and subsequent epilepsy. Brain Dev 1982; 4: 341-6.

43. Hrachovy RA, Mizrahi EM, Kellaway P. Electroencephalography of the newborn. In: Daly DD, Pedley TA, eds. Current Practice of Clinical Electroencephalography. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press, 1990: 201-42.

44. Lombroso CT. Neonatal polygraphy in full-term and preterm infants: a review of normal and abnormal findings. J Clin Neurophysiol 1985; 2: 105-15.

45. Pope SS, Stockard JE, Bickford RG. Atlas of Neonatal Electroencephalography. New York, NY: Raven Press, 1992.

46. Hellström-Westas L. Comparison between tape recorded and amplitude integrated EEG monitoring in sick newborn infants. Acta Pediatr 1992; 81: 812-9.

47. Klebermass K, Kuhle S, Kohlhauser-Vollmuth C, et al. Evaluation of the cerebral function monitor as a tool for neurophysiological surveillance in neonatal intensive care patients. Child's Nerv Syst 2001; 17: 544-50.

48. Alfonso I, Jayakar P, Yelin K, et al. Continuous-display four-channel electroencephalographic monitoring in the evaluation of neonates with paroxysmal motor events. J Child Neurol 2001; 16: 625-7.

49. Clancy R, Legido A. The exact ictal and interictal duration of electroencephalographic neonatal seizures. Epilepsia 1987; 28: 537-41.

50. Sheth RD. Electroencephalogram confirmatory rate in neonatal seizures. Pediatr Neurol 1999; 20: 27-30.

51. Scher MS, Hamid MY, Steppe DA, et al. Ictal and interictal durations in preterm and term neonates. Epilepsia 1993; 34: 284-8.

52. Scher MS, Alvin J, Gaus L, et al. Uncoupling of electrical and clinical expression of neonatal seizures after antiepileptic drug administration. Pediatr Neurol 1994; 11: 83.

53. Scher MS, Beggarly M. Clinical significance of focal periodic patterns in the newborn. J Child Neurol 1989; 4: 175-85.

54. Oliveira AJ, Nunes ML, Haertel LM, et al. Duration of rhythmic EEG patterns in neonates: new evidence for clinical and prognostic significance of brief rhythmic discharges. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111: 1646-53.

55. Alfonso I, Papazian O, Litt R, et al. Single photon emission computed tomographic evaluation of brainstem release phenomenon and seizure in neonates. J Child Neurol 2000; 15: 56-8.

56. Kilic S, Tarim Ö, Eralp Ö. Serum prolactin in neonatal seizures. Pedia Internati 1999; 41: 61-4.

57. Browning RA. Role of the brainstem reticular formation in tonic-clonic seizures: lesion and pharmacological studies. Fed Proc 1985; 44: 2425-31.

58. Caveness WF, Kato M, Malamut BL, et al. Propagation of focal motor seizures in the pubescent monkey. Ann Neurol 1980; 7: 213-21.

59. Hosokawa S, Iguchi T, Caveness WF, et al. Effects of manipulation of sensorimotor system on focal motor seizures in the monkey. Ann Neurol 1980; 7: 222-37.

60. Danner R, Shewmon DA, Sherman MP. Seizures in an atelencephalic infant. Is the cortex essential for neonatal seizures? Arch Neurol 1985; 42: 1014-6.

61. Coen RW, McCutchen CB, Wermer D, et al. Continuous monitoring of electroencephalogram following perinatal asphyxia. J Pediatr 1982; 100: 628-30.

62. O'Meara WM, Bye AME, Flanagan D. Clinical features of neonatal seizures. J Pediatr Child Health 1995; 31: 237-40.

63. Staudt F, Roth G, Engel RC. The usefulness of electroencephalography in curarized newborns. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1981; 51: 205-8.

64. Eyre P, Oozen RC, Wilkinson AR. Continuous electroencephalographic recording to detect seizures in paralyzed newborns. Br Med J 1983; 286: 1017-8.

65. Goldberg RN, Goldman SL, Ramsay RE, et al. Detection of seizure activity in the paralyzed neonate using continuous monitoring. Pediatrics 1982; 69: 583-6.

66. Ericksson M, Zetterstrom R. Neonatal convulsions. Incidence and causes in the Stockholm area. Acta Pediatr Scand 1979; 68: 807-11.

67. Seay AR, Bray PF. Significance of seizures in infants weighing less than 2 500 grams. Arch Neurol 1977; 34: 381-2.

68. Ronen GM, Penney S, Andrews W. The epidemiology of clinical neonatal seizures in Newfoundland: a population-based study. J Pediatr 1999; 134: 71-5.

69. Saliba RM, Annegers FJ, Waller DK, et al. Risk factors for neonatal seizures: a population-based study, Harris County, Texas, 1992-1994. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154: 14-20.

70. Lanska MJ, Lanska DJ, Baumann RJ, et al. Interobserver variability in the classification of neonatal seizures based on medical record data. Pediatr Neurol 1996; 15: 120-3.

71. Lanska MJ, Lanska DJ, Baumann RJ, et al. A population-based study of neonatal seizures in Fayette County, Kentucky. Neurology 1995; 45: 724-32.

72. Monod N, Pajot N, Guidasci S. The neonatal EEG: Statistical studies and prognostic value in full-term and preterm babies. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1972; 32: 529-44.

73. Tharp BR, Cukier F, Monod N. The prognostic value of the electroencephalogram in premature infants. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1981; 51: 219.

74. Sinclair DB, Campbell M, Byrne P, et al. EEG and long-term outcome of term infants with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Clin Neurophysiol 1999; 110: 655-9.

75. Scher MS. Neurophysiological assessment of brain function and maturation. I. A measure of brain adaptation in high risk infants. Pediatr Neurol 1997a; 16: 191-8.

76. Scher MS. Neurophysiological assessment of brain function and maturation. II. A measure of brain dysmaturity in healthy preterm neonates. Pediatr Neurol 1997b; 16: 287-95.

77. Tharp BR, Scher MS, Clancy RR. Serial EEGs in normal and abnormal infants with birth weights less than 1,200 grams - A prospective study with long term follow-up. Neuropediatrics 1989; 20: 64-72.

78. Laroia N, Guillet R, Burchfiel J, McBride MC, et al. EEG background as predictor of electrographic seizures in high-risk neonates. Epilepsia 1998; 39: 545-51.

79. Mizrahi EM. Acute and chronic effects of seizures in the developing brain: lessons from clinical experience. Epilepsia 1999; 40: S42-50.

80. Holmes GL, Ben-Ari Y. The neurobiology and consequences of epilepsy in the developing brain. Pediatr Res 2001; 49: 320-5.

81. Holmes GL, et al. Consequences of neonatal seizures in the rat: morphological and behavioral effects. Ann Neurol 1998; 44: 845-57.

82. Huang L-T, Cilio MR, Silveira DC, et al. Long-term effects of neonatal seizures: a behavioral electrophysiological, and histological study. Dev Brain Res 1999; 118: 99-107.

83. Sankar R, et al. Epileptogenesis after status epilepticus reflects age- and model-dependent plasticity. Ann Neurol 2000; 48: 580-9.

84. Wong M, Yamada KA. Developmental characteristics of epileptiform activity in immature rat neocortex: a comparison of four in vitro seizure models. Dev Brain Res 2001; 128: 113-20.

85. Koh S, et al. Early-life seizures in rats increase susceptibility to seizure-induced brain injury in adulthood. Neurology 1999; 53: 915-21.

86. Schmid R, et al. Effects of neonatal seizures on subsequent seizure-induced brain injury. Neurology 1999; 53: 1754-61.

87. McCabe BK, Silveira DC, Cilio MR, et al. Reduced neurogenesis after neonatal seizures. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 2094-103.

88. Takei Y, Takashima S, Ohyu J, et al. Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on the cerebral circulation and brain damage during kainic acid-induced seizures in newborn rabbits. Brain Dev 1999; 21: 253-9.

89. Wirrell EC, Armstrong EA, Osman LD, et al. Prolonged seizures exacerbate perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Pediatr Res 2001; 50: 445-54.

90. Landrot IDR, Minokoshi M, Silveira DC, et al. Recurrent neonatal seizures: relationship of pathology to the electroencephalogram and cognition. Dev Brain Res 20001; 129: 27-38.

91. Thoresen M, Hallström ASA, Whitelaw A, et al. Lactate and pyruvate changes in the cerebral gray and white matter during posthypoxic seizures in newborn pigs. Pediatr Res 1998; 44: 746-54.

92. Miller SP, Weiss J, Barnwe A, et al. Seizure-associated brain injury in term newborns with perinatal asphyxia. Neurol 2002; 58: 542-8.

93. Painter MJ, Scher MS, Alvin J, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of phenobarbital and phenytoin in the treatment of neonatal seizures. NEJM 1999; 341: 485-9.