JLE

Epileptic Disorders

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Electrical stimulation of the cingulate elicits involuntary singing Volume 21, issue 5, October 2019

Figure 1

Location of electrodes used during EBS, region of seizure onset, and boundaries of surgical resection.

Figure 2

Written transcript of the video depicting EBS mapping. The patient's utterance is shown above with items in standard case depicting speaking and items in bold depicting singing. The approximate timing of EBS is shown below. Dashed line represents no EBS, X represents EBS.

Figure 3

Cerebral network model of singing as proposed by Berkowska and Dalla Bella (2009) and revised by Zatare (2013). The overt pathway for vocal production (red arrow) includes the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), superior temporal gyrus and sulcus (STG/STS), intra parietal sulcus (IPS), anterior insula (aINS), and dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC). Light orange indicates auditory processing, green for vocal motor control, and purple for multi-modal processing (this figure is adapted from Zatare [2013]).