Figure 3
Cerebral network model of singing as proposed by Berkowska and Dalla Bella (2009) and revised by Zatare (2013). The overt pathway for vocal production (red arrow) includes the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), superior temporal gyrus and sulcus (STG/STS), intra parietal sulcus (IPS), anterior insula (aINS), and dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC). Light orange indicates auditory processing, green for vocal motor control, and purple for multi-modal processing (this figure is adapted from Zatare [2013]).