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European Journal of Dermatology

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Skin manifestations in patients with COVID-19: a prospective observational study during the first wave of the pandemic in the UK and review of the recent literature Volume 32, issue 1, January-February 2022

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Authors
1 Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Bedfordshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
* Reprints

Background

COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral infection that presents in heterogeneous forms with effects on multiple organ systems including the skin.

Objectives

The objectives of this prospective observational study were to identify cutaneous lesions in confirmed COVID-19-positive patients admitted to a district general hospital in the eastern region of England, to determine the prevalence of these lesions and compare the findings with the current literature.

Materials & Methods

The study was conducted at the Luton and Dunstable University Hospital during the first peak of the pandemic in the United Kingdom to identify skin manifestations in patients infected with COVID-19. Several variables were taken into consideration and photographs of skin lesions were taken. Unlike previous similar studies, all patients included in this study had a positive nasopharyngeal PCR swab for SARS-CoV-2. All photographs were analysed by a dermatology consultant.

Results

A total of 93 patients were included in the study; 40% (n = 37) had cutaneous lesions but only 5.5% of the total patients (n = 6) presented with likely coronavirus-related skin changes. Lesions identified were pseudochilblain and purpuric/livedoid type. We also noted several coagulation abnormalities in these patients.

Conclusion

COVID-19 can present with a variety of skin manifestations. Pseudochilblain lesions and purpuric livedoid lesions have been described in the literature and although the underlying mechanism is not fully understood, it is possible that these lesions represent thromboinflammatory processes as a result of the hypercoagulability state associated with COVID-19. More research is required to better understand the pathophysiology and epidemiology of these manifestations.