Figures
Figure 1
TNF-α mRNA expression using RT-PCR in mucosal homogenate obtained from various segments of the intestine in IA-induced colitis. Each bar represents mean ± SEM of values obtained from a different group of rats (n = 5-10 each) at the indicated time interval or control. The significance of the difference was obtained with reference to the values obtained from the control group.
IA, iodoacetamide
Figure 1
Figure 2
TNF-α mRNA expression using RT-PCR in mucosal homogenate obtained from various segments of the intestine in IA-induced colitis. Each bar represents mean ± SEM of values obtained from different animals within the control group (n = 5-10) and the treated groups (n = 5-10) at the indicated time interval, both before and after ablation of CSPA. The significance of the difference was obtained with reference to the values obtained from the control group before ablation of CSPA (*), and in reference to the corresponding experimental group within the same time line before ablation of CSPA (#).
CSPA, capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents.
Figure 2
Figure 3
IL-10 mRNA expression using RT-PCR in mucosal homogenate obtained from various segments of the intestine in IA-induced colitis. Each bar represents mean ± SEM of values obtained from a different group of rats (n = 5-10 each) at the indicated time interval or control. The significance of the difference was obtained with reference to the values obtained from the control group.
Figure 3
Figure 4
IL-10 mRNA expression using RT-PCR in mucosal homogenate obtained from various segments of the intestine in IA-induced colitis. Each bar represents mean ± SEM of values obtained from different animals within the control group (n = 5-10) and the treated groups (n = 5-10) at the indicated time interval, both before and after ablation of CSPA. The significance of the difference was obtained with reference to the values obtained from the control group before ablation of CSPA (*), and with reference to the corresponding experimental group within the same time line before ablation of CSPA (#).
Figure 4
Figure 5
TNF-α mRNA expression using RT-PCR in mucosal homogenate obtained from various segments of the intestine in TNBS-induced colitis. Each bar represents mean ± SEM of values obtained from different animals within the control group (n = 5-10) and the treated group (n = 5-10) at various time intervals. The significance of the difference was obtained with reference to the values obtained from the control group.
TNBS, trinitrobenzene sulfonic-acid.
Figure 5
Figure 6
TNF-α mRNA expression using RT-PCR in mucosal homogenate obtained from various segments of the intestine in TNBS-induced colitis. Each bar represents mean ± SEM of values obtained from different animals within the control group (n = 5-10) and the treated groups (n = 5-10) at the indicated time interval, both before and after ablation of CSPA. The significance of the difference was made with reference to the values obtained from the control group before ablation of CSPA (*), and with reference to the corresponding experimental group within the same time line before ablation of CSPA (#).
Figure 6
Figure 7
IL-10 mRNA expression using RT-PCR in mucosal homogenate obtained from various segments of the intestine in TNBS-induced colitis. Each bar represents mean ± SEM of values obtained from different animals within the control group (n = 5-10) and the treated group (n = 5-10) at various time intervals. The significance of the difference was obtained with reference to the values obtained from the control group.
Figure 7
Figure 8
IL-10 mRNA expression using RT-PCR in mucosal homogenate obtained from various segments of the intestine in TNBS-induced colitis. Each bar represents mean ± SEM of values obtained from different animals within the control group (n = 5-10) and the treated groups (n = 5-10) at the indicated time interval, both before and after ablation of CSPA. The significance of the difference was obtained with reference to the values obtained from the control group before ablation of CSPA (*), and with reference to the corresponding experimental group within the same time line before ablation of CSPA (#).
Figure 8
Authors
1 Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology,
2 Department of Internal Medicine,
American University of Beirut, Beirut-Lebanon
PO Box 113-6044, Hamra 110-32090, Beirut, Lebanon
* Correspondence: F.H. Mourad, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut-Lebanon PO Box 113-6044, Hamra 110-32090, Beirut, Lebanon
Introduction Increased levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were observed in various segments of histologically-intact small intestine in animal models of acute and chronic colitis. Whether these cytokines are produced locally or spread from the inflamed colon is not known. In addition, the role of gut innervation in this upregulation is not fully understood.