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 Printable version |
Human water consumption in France: Results from the INCA2 diet study |
Environnement, Risques & Santé. Volume 11, Number 6, 479-91, Novembre-Décembre 2012, Article original
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 Résumé
Article gratuit
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Author(s) : Thomas Cartier, Carine Dubuisson, Pascale Panetier, Jean-Luc Volatier |
Summary : The French diet survey conducted in 2006-2007 (INCA2) among a representative sample of 4,079 individuals updated the previous survey carried out in 1998-1999 (INCA1). INCA2 is a detailed source of data, especially of information on French water intake levels. It collected estimates of food and beverage intake from subjects keeping diaries for 7 consecutive days. Crossing these data with the national table for the nutritional composition of foods allowed us to estimate water intake and identify its major contributors. A second procedural step produced results describing the rate of people who do not drink cold tap water in France. We report here national consumption data for total tap water (
i.e., tap water heated to prepare hot drinks or to cook), cold tap water, and total drinking water consumption (
i.e., total tap water and bottled water). These data are then related to covariates such as age, region, season and social-occupational category. Like previous results from the INCA1 study, the tap water consumption found here is lower than suggested by the data in the scientific literature. Thirty percent of the French population says they do not drink cold tap water, a result unchanged from the INCA1 study. Cold tap water intake varies considerably by region, which is an important covariate of these values. The median of total tap water consumption distribution is 0.6 liter per day for adults (18 to 79 years old) and 0.3 liter per day for children (3 to 17 years old). The 95th percentile of this distribution is 1.8 liter per day for adults and 0.9 liter per day for children. Reference values recommended by the World Health Organization for drinking water risk assessment (
i.e., 2 liters per day for adults and 1 liter per day for children) are sufficiently conservative for national risk assessments for long-term drinking water exposure. |
Keywords : diet surveys, drinking water, France |
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