ARTICLE
The effects on health status by drinking water made from deep
sea water without salt – The reduction of plasma
cholesterol by drinking water made from deep sea water without
salt
Mieko Kimura
Takeda Research Institute of Life Science and Preventive
Medicine
The effects of the westernizing of food habits and lack of
exercise on health status reflecting the urbanisation of daily life
in Japan are examined. With these changes of life habits, protein
and lipid intakes are increasing, and minerals and vitamin intakes
are decreasing. So, the number of people with elevated serum
cholesterol concentrations is increasing and they are at an
increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery
disease. On the other hand, the role of magnesium (Mg) in the
prevention of this disease by improving lipid metabolism is
well-known. But in Japan, with the westernizing of food habits,
fish, vegetable and algae intakes are also decreasing, and Mg
intake is lowering. We tried to prevent atherosclerosis and
coronary artery disease by drinking the naturally Mg-rich drink
«deep sea water» made from deep sea water without salt. The effects
of oral «deep sea water» on the lipid metabolism of rats were
studied. The «deep sea water» was made from deep sea water by
removing NaCl and preparing concentration (mg/L): 1) control:
distilled water (Mg < 1 mg/L,
Ca < 1 mg/L); 2) Mg200 (Mg 200 mg/L, Ca
67 mg/L); 3) Mg600 (Mg 600 mg/L, Ca 200 mg/L); 4)
Mg1000 (MG 1000 mg/L, Ca 333 mg/L).
Male Wistar rats weighing about 90 g were fed synthetic diets
and for drinking, distilled water and the above three kinds of
«deep sea water» were provided ad libitum for 4 weeks.
After 4 weeks, blood samples were taken from a ventral aorta.
Twenty five plasma biochemical analyses were conducted. The
physiological behavior, food intake and water consumption in the
rats were not significantly different in each group. Pathological
changes were also not found. In the plasma biochemical data, total
cholesterol values in the plasma of rats who drank 2 kinds of
high Mg concentration «deep sea water» (Mg600 and Mg1000)
resulted in a significant decrease compared to rats who drank
distilled water (control group). These results suggest that «deep
sea water» may be a useful natural drink to improve lipid
metabolism and to prevent atherosclerosis and coronary artery
disease.
Key words: magnesium, drinking water, deep sea water,
plasma cholesterol
Bone fracture, serum magnesium and haemoglobin in elderly
inpatients
Noboru Saito1, Naoto Tabata2, Yoshihisa
Ando2, Shinya Otani1, Saburou
Saito1, Akihiro Iwamitu3, Yukiko
Onaga3, Tuyoshi Hori3, Harumi
Sayama4, Toshiko Kawakita4
1 Department of Internal Medicine and Center for
Lifestyle-related Diseases;
2 Department of Surgery and Center for Alimentary Tract and
Liver Diseases;
3 Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Alimentary
Tract and Liver Diseases, Miyazaki Medical Center Hospital;
4 Department of cardiovascular Diseases, Kyoto Prevention
Medical Center
This study aimed to clarify the relationships among bone
fractures, serum magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), albumin (Alb), zinc
(Zn) and hemoglobin (Hb). Elderly inpatients of both sexes were
recruited, who suffered mainly from cerebral infarction, had below
30 mg/dL of blood urea nitrogen and were not being
administered furosemid. In this study, 286 inpatients
(105 men, 181 women) were divided into two groups:
patients given MgO and patients without MgO. Three kinds of bone
fractures were investigated: fractures of the long bone (FLB),
fractures of vertebrae (FV) and fragility fractures. As the
controls 157 inpatients (72 men, 85 women) without
bone fractures (FB(-)) were recruited. In 14 males with FLB
serum Mg and Hb were significantly lower compared to 41 males
with FB(-). Even with administration of MgO for treating
constipation, serum Mg was lower significantly in FLB, MgO compared
to FB(-), MgO in either males or females. In 36 females with
FLB serum Mg, Alb, Ca and Hb were significantly lower compared to
56 females with FB(-). With administration of MgO, serum Mg
became significantly higher in females with FLB, MgO compared to
females with FLB. In cases with FV no significant difference of
serum Mg was detected compared to cases with FB(-). In a comparison
of 14 males with FLB and 41 males with FB(-), serum Mg
and Hb were significantly lower in males with FLB. In a comparison
of 36 females with FLB and 56 females with FB(-), serum
Mg, Ca, Alb and Hb were significantly lower in females with LB, and
were associated with higher age and lower BMI. In 12 cases
(2 men, 10 women), mean age 87.6 years, who were
complicated with fragility fracture, serum Mg, Zn and Hb were
significantly lower compared to 12 sex- and age-matched
controls with FB(-).
In conclusion serum Mg and Hb decreased in cases with
FLB.
Key words: fracture of long bone, fragility fracture,
serum magnesium, serum albumin, hemoglobin
Effect of Mg concentration in the medium on osteoblast
proliferation
Isao Hirata and Masayuki Okazaki
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima
University
Each osteoblast proliferation rate was almost constant below
20 mM of magnesium, and was then inhibited dramatically with
the increase of magnesium concentration in the medium solution. At
100 mM Mg concentration, the proliferation rate descended to
one-third of that in control medium, originally including
0.81 mM.
Key words: Mg concentration, osteoblast
Quantitative analysis of Mg2+ extrusion transport in
rat ventricular myocytes
Masato Konishi, Pulat Tursun and Michiko
Tashiro
Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical
University
We previously reported that Mg2 + efflux
from rat ventricular myocytes could be induced after
Mg2+ loading of the cells (Tashiro et al., Jpn
J Physiol 2002; 52: 541-51). In that study, we loaded the cells
with the fluorescent Mg2+ indicator furaptra
(mag-fura-2) using its AM ester form, and measured the indicator
fluorescence in Ca2+-free conditions at 25oC.
However, quantitative interpretation of the results is not
straightforward, because a part of the furaptra molecules may be
trapped inside organelles after AM-loading. Experiments were
therefore carried out to examine the possible contribution of the
fluorescence signals emitted from the organelles. When the cell
membrane of furaptra-loaded myocytes were permeabilized with
saponin (25 μg/mL for 5 m), furaptra fluorescence
intensity at 350 nm excitation decreased to
22 ± 3.8%; about 78% of furaptra fluorescence appeared to
report cytoplasmic [Mg2+]
([Mg2+]c) while residual 22% likely
represented [Mg2+] in organelles (primarily mitochondria
as revealed by fluorescence imaging). [Mg2+] calibrated
from the residual furaptra fluorescence
([Mg2+]r) was 0.6-0.7 mM at bath
[Mg2+] (i.e., [Mg2+]c of the
skinned myocytes) of either 0.8 mM or 4.0 mM, suggesting
that [Mg2+]r was lower than and virtually
insensitive to [Mg2+]c. Because changes in
[Mg2+]c were probably underestimated in the
previous study, we corrected [Mg2+] values measured in
intact myocytes for this insensitive fraction of fluorescence to
estimate [Mg2+]c. In addition, we calculated
changes in total Mg2+ concentration to get quantitative
information on Mg2+ flux across the cell membrane by
utilizing concentration and dissociation constant values of known
cytoplasmic Mg2+ buffers. The relation between
[Mg2+]c and Mg2+ flux thus
obtained suggest that Mg2+ extrusion is steeply
regulated by [Mg2+]c above the basal level
with half maximal activation at 1.9 mM and the maximal rate of
5.5 μM/s.
Key words: Mg2+ extrusion, cardiomyocyte,
rat
Gene expressions related to growth in skeletal muscle of
magnesium-deficient rats
Tohru Matsui, Hiroshi Kobayashi, Hiroyuki Kawachi, Hideo
Yano
Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of
Agriculture, Kyoto University
We investigated gene expressions related to growth in skeletal
muscle of magnesium-deficient rats. The expression of α-actin and
myosin heavy chain mRNAs tended to decrease in magnesium-deficient
rats but magnesium deficiency did not affect myostatin mRNA
expression, which suggests that magnesium deficiency suppresses
muscular protein synthesis without affecting myostatin gene
expression. Magnesium deficiency stimulated MyoD mRNA expression.
The increase in MyoD mRNA suggests the proliferation of muscular
satellite cells, which may be caused by regeneration of muscle in
lesions induced by magnesium deficiency.
Key words: growth, skeletal muscle, magnesium,
rat
Effect of low magnesium diet on bone metabolism in rats
Shin-Ichi Katsumata1, Hiroshi
Matsuzaki2, Mariko Uehara1, Kazuharu
Suzuki1
1 Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of
Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture;
2 Department of Nutrition, Junior College of Tokyo
University of Agriculture
It is known that magnesium (Mg) deficiency induces bone loss
accompanied with a decrease in bone formation and an increase in
bone resorption. In this study, we investigated the effect of low
Mg diet on bone metabolism in rats. Serum osteocalcin concentration
was decreased and urinary excretion of CTx was increased in rats
fed low Mg diets (0.025 and 0.01% Mg). The low Mg diets
decreased serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 concentration
and increased serum soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB
ligand (sRANKL) concentration. These results suggested that low Mg
diet might cause a decrease in serum IGF-1 concentration and
an increase in serum sRANKL concentration, which suppressed bone
formation and enhanced bone resorption, respectively.
Key words: magnesium, bone, osteocalcin, rat
Loss of potassium(K), magnesium(Mg), and calcium(Ca) during
cooking of foods
Izumi Osawa, Akio Kobayashi, Norihiro Ide
Graduate School of Home Life Science, Tokyo Kasei-Gakuin
University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Showa University
Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo
We determined the loss of K, Mg and Ca during cooking (boiling
and soaking) of several fresh vegetables. Spinach was boiled in
1000ml of water at 90-95 for 1, 2, and 7minutes. The
concentration of K in boiling water after cooking was 2.9, 4.0, and
7.1 mEq/l, respectively. That of Mg was 1.4, 2.3, and
3.0 mg/dL, and of Ca 0.10, 0.15, and 0.17 mg/dL,
respectively.
Key words: cooking, spinach, loss of minerals
Nutritional status of people in Japanese prison, especially
Magnesium and other mineral levels in blood
M. Ikegawa1, N. Koizumi2, T.
Yamashita3,
M. Imanishi3,T. Takeda1,
M. Kimura1
1 Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Dept.
of Genomic Medical Sciences;
2 Kyoto Detention House;
3 Takeda Research Institute of Life Science
We have been working on the health of people in Japanese
prisons, especially from the nutritional viewpoint. As we have
pointed out, effective diet control delivered to a good standard
while in custody, even for a short period, can make a significant
contribution to the health of individuals suffering from diabetes,
hypertension and chronic liver diseases. However, there is still
much more to be done around the country for the improvement of diet
in prisons, as well as improving prisoners’ capacity to benefit
from them. To monitor the health status of 49 men and
6 women, total 55 people, in Kyoto Detention House, blood
samples were taken from them with informed consent and the results
were fed back to them. Magnesium (Mg), calcium Ca), sulfur (S),
iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and strontium
(Sr) concentrations in blood were determined by inductively coupled
plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, as well as biochemical and
hematological tests. Blood vitamin B1 (Vit.B1) level was also
determined. Overall nutritional status was significantly inferior
to the control Japanese inhabitants, even after a certain period of
custody, including vit.B1 level. As for mineral levels, Mg, Fe, and
P concentrations in the blood of people in Kyoto Detention House
were significantly low compared to those of control Japanese
inhabitants, even though these tendencies were somewhat improved in
custody.
Key words: nutrition, detention, minerals
Magnesium and other mineral levels in the blood of middle age
Japanese men and women
R. Takeda1, T. Suyama2, Y.
Minakuchi2, M. Ishida1, M.
Imanishi1, H. Shigetomi1, A.
Takeda1, T. Takeda1, R. Kitamura2,
M. Kimura1
1 Takeda Research Institute of Life Science;
2 Takeda Hospital Health Center
To clarify mineral nutritional status, 421 men
(46.2 ± 8.2 years) and 277 women (45.7 ±
8.7 years), total 698 inhabitants living in Kyoto and
Shiga Prefectures in Japan, were selected as volunteers with
informed consent. Magnesium(Mg), calcium(Ca), sulfur(S), Iron(Fe),
phosphorus(P), zinc(Zn) and copper(Cu) concentrations in blood were
determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission
spectrometry (OPTIMA4300DV: Perking-Elmer Co. Ltd., USA) in blood
after wet digestion by nitric acid. They were healthy subjects
(having no disease). Blood mineral levels were as follows
(average ± SD); Mg(μg/mL): 37.4 ± 3.2,
Ca(μg/mL): 57.9 ± 3.8, S(mg/mL): 1.55 ± 0.12,
Fe(μg/mL): 519 ± 38.6, P(μg/mL): 393 ± 32.6,
Zn(μg/mL): 6.66 ± 0.78, Cu(ng/mL):
778 ± 91.8 in men and Mg(μg/mL):
34.7 ± 3.2, Ca(μg/mL): 62.5 ± 3.8, S(mg/mL):
1.47 ± 0.11, Fe(μg/mL): 443 ± 46.5, P(μg/mL):
368 ± 30.9, Zn(μg/mL): 5.86 ± 0.75, Cu(ng/mL):
838 ± 91.8 in women. Mg, S, Fe, P and Zn
concentrations in blood of men were significantly high compared to
that of women, and Ca and Cu concentrations in men were low
compared to those of women.
Key words: mineral levels in blood, healthy subjects,
men, women
The relation of birth weight to intracellular magnesium of
cord-blood platelets
Junji Takaya, Fumiko Yamato, Hirohiko Higashino, Yohnosuke
Kobayashi
Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical
University
Objective. Magnesium has an important role in insulin
action, and insulin stimulates magnesium uptake in
insulin-sensitive tissues. Impaired biological responses to insulin
are referred to as insulin resistance. Diabetic patients and obese
subjects are reported to have intracellular magnesium
([Mg2+]i) deficiency. Many epidemiological
studies have disclosed that restricted fetal growth has been
associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance in the
adult life. We studied the relationship of
[Mg2+]i in cord blood platelets to birth
weight.
Methods. The subjects were 19 infants who were small
for gestational age (SGA) and 45 who were appropriate for
gestational age (AGA). By using a fluorescent probe, mag-fura-2, we
examined the basal and insulin-stimulated
[Mg2+]i of platelets in the cord blood. Cord
plasma IGF-1and leptin levels were determined with the use of
ELISA.
Results. Birth weight was correlated with cord plasma IGF-1
(p < 0.001) and leptin (p < 0.005). Mean
basal [Mg2+]i, but not plasma magnesium, was
lower in the SGA than in the AGA group
(291 ± 149 mmol/L vs
468 ± 132 mmol/L, p < 0.001). The basal
[Mg2+]i was significantly correlated with the
birth weight (p < 0.001) as well as birth length
(p < 0.001). At 60 seconds after stimulation with
insulin, there was no significant difference in stimulated
[Mg2+]i between the SGA and AGA groups.
Although the SGA group had low [Mg2+]i, the
platelets has good potentiality to compensate for low
[Mg2+]i.
Conclusions. [Mg2+]i reflects the
extent of fetal growth. Decreased [Mg2+]i in
SGA might underlie the initial pathophysiologic events leading to
insulin resistance.
Key words: Mg in platelets, cord blood, birth
weight
Positive correlation between dietary sodium intake and balances
of calcium and magnesium in humans
Mamoru Nishimuta1, Naoko Kodama1, 2,
Eiko Morikuni1, Nobue Matuzaki1, Yayoi H.
Yoshioka1, Hidemaro Takeyama1, 3, Hideaki
Yamada1, 4, Hideaki Kitajima1, 5
1 The Incorporated Administrative Agency of Health
and Nutrition;
2 Medical University of Yamanashi and Tokyo College of
Nutrition and Food;
3 Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical
Science;
4 Mimasaka Women's University;
5 Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between
sodium (Na) intake and balances of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg).
From 1986 to 2000 11 mineral balance studies were carried
out with 109 volunteers, using foodstuffs available in the
market. In all cases, Na intake was positively correlated with Na
balance. However this correlation disappeared after data at the
highest sodium intake was removed. In all cases, Na intake was not
correlated with the balances of Ca nor Mg. However Na intake was
positively correlated with the balances of Ca and Mg after removing
data at the highest sodium intake study. After omitting the data of
the highest and lowest Na intake, intakes of Ca and Mg were
positively correlated with the balances of respective
minerals.
Key words: mineral balances, correlation
Correlation between magnesium levels and congestive heart
failure in children
Kenji Hoshino, Kiyoshi Ogawa, Takashi Hishitani, Tatsuya
Ando, Youichirou Hirata, Youko Kawai
Pediatric Cardiology, Saitama Children’s Medical
Center
We measured total and ionized magnesium levels and urine
magnesium excretion (FEMg) in children with congestive heart
failure (CHF). Serum ANP and BNP levels were also measured as an
indicate of CHF, and we evaluated the correlation between
them.
There was no significant correlation between ANP & BNP levels
and magnesium levels. Magnesium levels were not significantly
different between the normal ANP group and the high ANP group.
Magnesium levels, except FEMg, were not significantly different
between the normal BNP group and the high BNP group. FEMg was
significantly higher in the normal ANP group than in the high BNP
group (7.1 ± 9.4 pg/mL:
3.6 ± 3.4 pg/mL, p = 0.019).
Hypomagnesemia was not recognized in children with CHF, and the
lower magnesium excretion was found in the high BNP group, showing
the magnesium-sparing in these children.
Key words: heart failure, children, BNP
Effects of serum magnesium on refractory hyperparathyroidism of
uremia
Yoshihiro Tsujimoto1, Hideki Tahara2,
Tsutomu Tabata1, Takashi Inoue1, Masaaki
Inaba2 and Yoshiki Nishizawa2
1 Inoue Hospital;
2 Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular
Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of
Medicine
We evaluated the effects of serum magnesium on the progression
of refractory hyperparathyroidism. We studied 107 patients who
underwent parathyroidecomy for refractory hyperparathyroidism due
to chronic renal failure. The levels of serum intact PTH were
negatively correlated with the levels of magnesium. To estimate the
contribution of the value of each clinical parameter to the level
of intact PTH, multiple regression analysis was performed. As a
result, levels of serum magnesium and the total weight of resected
parathyroids were demonstrated to be significant independent
factors.
Key words: serum MG, hyperparathyroidism,
uremia
Relationship between serum magnesium and vascular calcification
in hemodialysis patients
Senji Okuno, Eiji Ishimura, Yoshifumi Maeno, Yoko Fujino,
Tomoyuki Yamakawa, Masaaki Inaba, Yoshiki Nishizawa
Shirasagi Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Department
of metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City
University Graduate School of Medicine
Although vascular calcification is frequently seen in uremic
patients, contributing factors to vascular calcification (VC) are
not fully clarified. We examined the roentgenological appearance of
VC of the hand in 385 non-diabetic hemodialysis (HD) patients.
Prevalence of VC was significantly higher in males than in females.
Serum P, Ca x P product and intact PTH were significantly higher
and HD duration was significantly longer in patients with VC than
in patients without VC. Age was higher and serum Mg was lower in
patients with VC than in patients without VC, although these
differences did not reach statistical significance. In logistic
regression analysis, male gender, older age, longer HD duration,
higher Ca x P product and lower Mg were the variables significantly
associated with the presence of VC. These results demonstrate that
VC in end-stage renal disease is affected by gender, HD duration
and altered Ca EP metabolism. Our results also suggest that higher
levels of Mg may prevent the development of VC in HD
patients.
Key words: vascular calcification, hemodialysis, serum
Mg
The relationships between markers of either bone resorption or
bone formation and serum magnesium or calcium levels
Noburu Saito1, Saburou Saito1,
Yoshihisa Andou2, Naoto Tabata2
1 Internal medicine and Center for
Lifestyle-related Diseases, Miyazaki Medical Center
Hospital;
2 Center for Alimentary tract and Liver Diseases, Miyazaki
Medical Center Hospital
The aim of this study is to clarify the relationships between
markers of either bone resorption or bone formation and serum
magnesium or calcium levels in elderly inpatients.
In this study 81 female inpatients were recruited, who did
not take furosemide and had less than 30 mg/dL of BUN, to
exclude renal failure.
Of these inpatients, 50 did not take MgO and the remaining
31 took MgO as a laxative.
Markers of bone resorption such as urinary Dpd and NTx were
measured, they were obtained early in the morning. Fasting blood
samples were obtained early in the morning. Serum magnesium was
measured with colorimetry. Serum calcium and ionized calcium were
measured.
In high normal range of serum magnesium, urinary Dpd/cr tended to
decrease, suggesting the relationship between urinary Dpd and serum
magnesium levels.
Key words: bone resorption, bone formation, serum Mg,
serum Ca
Effect of magnesium on neural activities in vitro
Keiichi Torimitsu, Nahoko Kasai and Yuriko
Furukawa
NTT Basic Research Laboratories, SORST/JST
Magnesium is well known to play an important role in biological
functions, especially in neural activities. However, little is
known about the functional role of magnesium on neural activities.
We investigated the Mg2+ effect on electrical activities and
synaptic glutamate release by using Micro-Electrode Array (MEA) and
Enzyme modified MEA sensor (EMEA). NDMA receptor involvement will
be discussed.
Key words: nervous system, Mg, Micro-Electrode Array
(MEA)
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